What is the primary hormone associated with the luteal phase?

The primary hormone associated with the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is progesterone. This phase occurs after ovulation and is characterized by the transformation of the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. This hormone plays a critical role in preparing the uterine lining for a potential implantation of an embryo, maintaining a supportive environment for a developing pregnancy if fertilization occurs.

During the luteal phase, progesterone levels rise significantly, which helps to thicken the endometrium and regulate other hormonal functions necessary for early pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone levels will eventually decline, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining, or menstruation.

The other hormones listed do play important roles in different phases of the menstrual cycle or in various physiological processes, but they are not the primary hormone associated with the luteal phase. Estrogen, for instance, is primarily elevated during the follicular phase leading up to ovulation. Testosterone and DHEA-S are associated more with androgenic effects and adrenal functions rather than directly influencing the processes taking place during the luteal phase. Understanding the specific functions and timing of these hormones is crucial for grasping the complexities of female reproductive physiology.